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3D Pipe bending

A 3D pipe bending is a pipe bend that the bend radius is 3 times the pipe outside diameter.

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Category:

Description

A 3D pipe bending is a pipe bend that the bend radius is 3 times the pipe outside diameter.

In any project using metal pipes, there are likely to be a few places where the pipe has to go around a corner, or has to be bent to follow a certain contour. In many cases, with proper planning and a good design, these bends can be made using pre-fabricated elbows, which come in popular angles like 45 or 90 degrees and several common bend radii, typically referred to as either short or long-radius bends.

Sometimes, however, a custom bend will be required to make the pipe fit precisely around an obstacle or to follow a curve perfectly. Pipe can be custom-bent with presses or more complex machines using one of several common methods, including ram bending, rotary draw bending, compression bending and three roll bending, among others. Separate dies are typically required for each size of pipe and each different bend radius, except on more complex machines.

So what are 3D bends and what are they for?

A 3D bend is a bend in which the radius of the curve is equal to 3 times the diameter of the pipe. It is a smoother bend than a 1.5D bend, which looks almost like a regular 90-degree right angle, but it is a sharper bend than a 5D bend, which looks like a smooth arc between two perpendicular pieces.

Here are a few of the places where you will commonly find 3D bends being used:

1. Automotive Exhaust Systems
Both manufacturer-supplied and custom exhaust systems for cars and trucks often feature a wide assortment of bends to maneuver around various obstacles on the underside of the car, such as the engine, transmission, cross-members and the fame. Most vehicle exhausts feature custom compound beds, and the fabricators generally prefer smoother curves, like 3D bends or even 5D bends, because they reduce the turbulence and back-pressure inside the exhaust system, and that can help increase an engine’s performance.

2. Automotive Roll Cages
Off-roading can be a very competitive sport, or, more simply, an expensive hobby. One of the many dangers when rock-crawling, mudding or generally pushing a vehicle beyond its limits, is the possibility of rolling the vehicle over. To prevent injury and damage to the vehicle, a quality roll cage is an absolute necessity. Many roll cages are custom formed from metal pipe, often chromoly steel, using an assortment of bends, including the common 3D bend. Each piece is bent, cut and welded together to make a complete roll cage that is both durable and aesthetically pleasing.

3. Structural Frames
3D bends are very common in structural frames of all kinds. These can range from the frames of custom automobiles, to the frames of buildings, or even airplanes or spacecraft. Often, to build a structural frame, pipe is bent, cut and welded together to make a strong skeleton, and then sheet metal is attached via screws or welds to create a completed assembly, which is both extremely strong and resistant to the elements. When built using aluminum, titanium or certain alloys, it can also be lightweight and corrosion-resistant.

4. Furniture
Many types of furniture incorporate tubular steel and 3D bends for either structural or aesthetic purposes. Tables frequently use tubular steel legs, with bends where they meet the tabletop to provide support. Metal chairs, couches and futons with tubular frames often use similar bends to provide a nice gentle curve that is both pleasing to the eye and structurally rigid. Shelving units can also incorporate custom bends, either for decoration or for structural integrity.

5. Fencing
The 3D bend is also quite common in fencing, for both decorative and structural uses. It is seen extensively in galvanized chain-link fencing, especially to add a gentle curve to gates and other decorative items, or in custom-designed fencing. Pipe is also used regularly in fencing for cattle, horses and other livestock, as well as for domestic pets, and often decorative touches are added that require custom bends.

6. Plumbing
In the plumbing industry, 3D bends are quite common. They are incorporated anywhere that standard elbows cannot be relied upon to bypass obstacles or to change the angle of the pipe. In pipes that contain high-viscosity liquids or fluids that require reduced turbulence, the smoother 3D bend is often preferable to sharper bends. Custom bends are used in plumbing of all kinds, from the pipes in your home, to the pipes in chemical plants, food processors or refineries.

7. Wiring Conduit
Wiring conduit is designed to protect electrical cables from the weather, accidental damage and other dangers. When wiring conduit is required on an electrical job, often it must be bent to go around corners or other obstacles. Typically, smoother curves like 3D or 5D bends are used instead of sharp curves, because it makes it much easier to fish the wire through the conduit after it is installed. Electricians usually carry their own tools to bend small-diameter conduit, though for larger-diameter versions, they may require custom bending services.

8. Pipelines
Gas and oil pipelines, like any plumbing system, often use 3D bends in many places along their lengths. Unlike typical household pipes, however, these are typically much larger, and require some serious machinery to do custom bends. Gentle bends help the high-viscosity oil flow through the pipes easier, and they help natural gas flow smoother, reducing pipe fatigue and the chance of leaks.

9. Hand Rails
An often-overlooked area where 3D bends are used is in the hand rails for stairways or walkways, as well as the safety rails used to provide handicap access. Custom bends are often used to follow curves, go around corners or to provide mounting points at each end of the pipe. Sometimes the bends are also used strictly for decorative purposes.

10. Art Projects
In many art projects, tubular steel is used to create a frame, upon which the artist builds the rest of the piece. Custom bends are often used to create gentle-flowing lines and other aesthetic features, which many times are covered up by other materials. The frame creates a strong base for the rest of the piece, and determines its overall shape.

If you have a project that calls for 3D bends, it often may not be feasible to buy the equipment to produce them yourself. The tools can be prohibitively expensive, and they require a significant amount of training and practice to operate them properly. Fortunately, there are services available that will custom-bend pipe to your exact specifications, saving you the expense and the hassle of buying your own equipment.

Methods of bends in carbon steel

While the industry provides various means for bending the carbon steel pipe to the 5D bend, heat induction is the most widely-known–but not the most popular–technique in the industry. The pipe to be bent is subjected to extreme temperature, and when at the desired heat, a mode or model in the dimensions of the 5D bends is forced through the heated pipe, causing the pipe to conform to the bend of the 5D pipe dimensions. Carbon steel is the hardest pipe material used in this manner, and heat induction is the best means to curve the carbon steel pipe into the 5D curvature.

Uses

Heat-processed 5D bend pipes are used in all oil and gas lines, and the factory testing exceeds the quality standards required by the oil and gas industry. This is an industry where quality standards can be linked to safety standards.

What You Are Buying

Customers obtain a wide range of bend geometries and total design flexibility with customized radius and angle. Qualified subcontractors carry out hot induction bending with state-of-the-art technology, giving full control of the bending process, as well as total monitoring of all bending parameters.

1) Heat Induction Bends for Oil and Gas Industry
The production of high-quality bends depends on the manufacturing process of the steel pipe that is transformed into the bend. During the hot-induction bending process, unavoidable thinning occurs. Therefore, a custom- and precision-made mother pipe must be produced in order to comply with minimum wall thickness after the bending is complete.

Heat treatment is carried out on each bend in order to achieve the required degree and mechanical properties after bending. For critical applications (such as high-strength steel, heavy wall, sour service or low-temperature) full quenching and tempering after bending is still performed as a preferred process. Machining the bend ends guarantees top tolerances of inside diameters of the pipe. We therefore ensure the bend has the minimum working strengths of the mother pipe.

World-class bending manufacturers provide high quality bending solutions for oil and gas pipelines, either onshore or offshore. The bends manufacturing and testing procedures exceed all quality standards required by the oil and gas industry.

2) Cold Bending Process

High quality bending solutions are more than critical. Cold-bending is commonly used over hot-bending because certain types of steel and metal alloys can be weakened. You cannot allow the pipes to be weakened in any way as this can lead to damage of your product, your plant, or cause risks of injury to your employees. Cold-bending is also preferred by many industries because of its affordability, with costs being less than that of heat induction.

Cold-bending 5D bends is a continuous operation where a long strip of metal, usually steel, is passed through sets of rollers, with each set of rollers performing only a part of the bend, until the desired cross-section profile is obtained. Roll-forming is ideal for producing parts with long lengths or in large quantities. Roll-Forming is also generally a lower cost process than other metal forming processes. Cold-processed bends are used in construction, water piping and as machinery parts.

Sunny Steel provides fast, dependable metal custom-bending for:

  • angle
  • flat bar
  • round tube
  • pipe
  • square tube
  • Ibeams
  • channel
  • finned tube

We specialize in bending, fabricating and testing of heating and cooling coils. We are proud of our leading reputation in the industry with our attitude of professional workmanship and on-time delivery. Some of our advantages over competitors include:

  • Fast Turnaround Times
  • Dependability
  • Outstanding Reputation
  • Custom Pipe Bending
  • Custom Oil Field Bending
  • Architectural Application Bending
  • Heating and Cooling Coil Fabrication

Sunny Steel fabricates all types and sizes of cooling coils from 1/8″ pipe to 8″ pipe and all alloys.

What is the difference between a 3R and a 3D elbow?

There is no difference between 3R and 3D.

  • Both have a centerline radius of three times the nominal diameter size.
  • Both have a smoother curve than an SR or LR.
  • (In fittings, 3D does not refer to modeling software or screens.)

What does 3D or 6D mean for pipe fittings ?

Larger numbers have smoother curves.

  • Centerline radius is calculated based on diameter and number that precedes it.
  • For example, a 10″ 6D has a 60″ centerline radius.
  • Smoother curves are often used for applications with higher pressure, abrasion or corrosion.

Size

Pipe bend size
The bend is used to change the direction of run of pipe.it advantage is can matach long distance transition requirements,so it is commonly that bends dimension according to customer design.

Constants for Pipe Bends:

Formula:L = R x BL = Length of pipe requiredR = Radius of bendB = Constant from table used to find “L”L =30 x 1.5705 =47.115 in.or 47-1/8”

Standards accord to:

  • ASME B16.9
  • ASME B16.28
  • ANSI/ASME B16.25
  • MSS SP-97

Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160

Bending radius(R): R=3D, 5D, 7D and 12D
Bending angle (θ):15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 135°, 180°

Outer diamete(D): D≤1800mm
Wall thickness(T): T≤120mm
Straight Length (L): The length between two ends general from 300mm-1500mm

Example: Find the length of pipe required to make a 90 bend with a radius of 30"
Nominal pipeOutside Diameter at BevelCenter to End
DN sizeD1D2CM
Series ASeries BSeries ASeries B
20×1526.92521.3182929
25×2033.73226.9253838
25×1533.73221.3183838
32×2542.43833.7324848
32×2042.43826.9254848
32×1542.43821.3184848
40×3248.34542.4385757
40×2548.34533.7325757
40×2048.34526.7255757
40×1548.34521.3185757
50×4060.35748.3456460
50×3260.35742.4386457
50×2560.35733.7326451
50×2060.35726.9256444
65×5076.1(73)7660.3577670
65×4076.1(73)7648.3457667
65×3276.1(73)7642.4387664
65×2576.1(73)7633.7327657
80×6588.98976.1(73)768683
80×5088.98960.3578676
80×4088.98948.3458673
80×3288.98942.4388670
90×80101.6-88.9-9592
90×65101.6-76.1(73)-9589
90×50101.6-60.3-9583
90×40101.6-48.3-9579
100×90114.3-101.6-105102
100×80114.310888.98910598
100×65114.310876.1(73)7610595
100×50114.310860.35710589
100×40114.310848.34510586
125×100139.7133114.3108124117
125×90139.7-101.6-124114
125×80139.713388.989124111
125×65139.713376.1(73)76124108
125×5013360.357124105
150×125168.3159139.7133143137
150×100168.3159114.3108143130
150×90168.3-101.6-143127
150×80168.315988.989143124
150×65168.315976.1(73)76143121
200×150219.1219168.3159178168
200×125219.1219139.7133178162
200×100219.1219114.3108178156
200×90219.1-101.6-178152
200×200273273219.1219216208
200×150273273168.3159216194
200×125273273139.7133216191
200×100273273114.3108216184
300×250323.9325273273254241
300×200323.9325219.1219254229
300×150323.9325168.3159254219
300×125323.9325139.7133254216
350×300355.6377323.9325279270
350×250355.6377273273279257
350×200355.6377219.1219279248
350×150355.6377168.3159279238
400×350406.4426355.6377305305
400×300406.4426323.9325305295
400×250406.4426273273305283
400×200406.4426219.1219305273
400×150406.4426168.3159305264
450×400457.2478406.4426343330
450×350457.2478355.6377343330
450×300457.2478323.9325343321
450×250457.2478273273343308
450×200457.2478219.1219343298
500×450508529457.2478381368
500×100508529406.4426381356
500×350508529355.6377381356
500×300508529323.9325381346
500×250508529273273381333
500×200508529219.1219381324
550×500559-508-419406
550×450559-457-419394
550×400559-406-419381
600×550610-559-432432
600×550610630508530432432
600×450610630457480432419
650×600660-610-495483
650×550660-559-495470
650×500660-508-495457
700×650711-660-521521
700×600711720610630521508
700×550711-559-521495
750×700762-711-559546
750×650762-660-559546
750×600762-610-559533
800×750813-762-597584
800×700813820711720597572
800×650813-660-597572
850×800864-813-635622
850×750864-762-635610
850×700864-711-635597
900×850914-864-673660
900×800914920813820673648
900×750914-762-673635
950×900965-914-711711
950×850965-864-711698
950×800965-813-711686
1000×9501016-965-749749
1000×90010161020914920749737
1000×85001016-864-749724
1000×10001067-1016-762711
1050×9501067-965-762711
1050×9001067-914-762711
1100×10501118-1067-813762
1100×10001118112010161020813749
1100×9501118-965-813737
1150×11001168-1118-851800
1150×10501168-1067-851787
1150×10001168-1016-851775
1200×11501220-1168-889838
1200×11001220122011181120889838
1200×10501220-1067-889813

Beveling

In the behavior, we make beveling after shot blasting, bevel ends are fully machined by advanced equipment Double Beveling Machine ensure the height, length, thickness, O.D. and I.D. are all qualified.

Welding Bevel acc. to

  • ASME B16.9, Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings
  • ASME B16.28, Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and Returns
  • ANSI/ASME B16.25, Buttwelding Ends
  • MSS SP-97, Socket Welding, Threaded, and Buttwelding Ends

The ends of all buttweld fittings are bevelled, exceeding wall thickness 4 mm for austenitic stainless steel, or 5 mm for ferritic stainless steel. The shape of the bevel depending upon the actual wall thickness. This bevelled ends are needed to be able to make a “Butt weld”.

ASME B16.25 covers the preparation of buttwelding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and dimensional tolerances).

Our in-hourse R&D team developed bevel ends equipment are good using in thickness 2mm to 20mm pipe fittings, guarantee high efficiency and high quality.

These weld edge preparation requirements are also incorporated into the ASME standards (e.g., B16.9, B16.5, B16.34).

Nominal wall Thickness : tEnd Preparation
t<5mm (for austenitic alloy steelCut square or slightly chamfer
t<4mm)at manufacturer ' s option
5 (4Plain Bevel as in sketch ( a ) above
t>22mmCompound Bevel as in sketch ( b ) above

Nominal pipeOutside Diameter at BevelCenter to End
DN sizeD1D2CM
Series ASeries BSeries ASeries B
20×1526.92521.3182929
25×2033.73226.9253838
25×1533.73221.3183838
32×2542.43833.7324848
32×2042.43826.9254848
32×1542.43821.3184848
40×3248.34542.4385757
40×2548.34533.7325757
40×2048.34526.7255757
40×1548.34521.3185757
50×4060.35748.3456460
50×3260.35742.4386457
50×2560.35733.7326451
50×2060.35726.9256444
65×5076.1(73)7660.3577670
65×4076.1(73)7648.3457667
65×3276.1(73)7642.4387664
65×2576.1(73)7633.7327657
80×6588.98976.1(73)768683
80×5088.98960.3578676
80×4088.98948.3458673
80×3288.98942.4388670
90×80101.6-88.9-9592
90×65101.6-76.1(73)-9589
90×50101.6-60.3-9583
90×40101.6-48.3-9579
100×90114.3-101.6-105102
100×80114.310888.98910598
100×65114.310876.1(73)7610595
100×50114.310860.35710589
100×40114.310848.34510586
125×100139.7133114.3108124117
125×90139.7-101.6-124114
125×80139.713388.989124111
125×65139.713376.1(73)76124108
125×5013360.357124105
150×125168.3159139.7133143137
150×100168.3159114.3108143130
150×90168.3-101.6-143127
150×80168.315988.989143124
150×65168.315976.1(73)76143121
200×150219.1219168.3159178168
200×125219.1219139.7133178162
200×100219.1219114.3108178156
200×90219.1-101.6-178152
200×200273273219.1219216208
200×150273273168.3159216194
200×125273273139.7133216191
200×100273273114.3108216184
300×250323.9325273273254241
300×200323.9325219.1219254229
300×150323.9325168.3159254219
300×125323.9325139.7133254216
350×300355.6377323.9325279270
350×250355.6377273273279257
350×200355.6377219.1219279248
350×150355.6377168.3159279238
400×350406.4426355.6377305305
400×300406.4426323.9325305295
400×250406.4426273273305283
400×200406.4426219.1219305273
400×150406.4426168.3159305264
450×400457.2478406.4426343330
450×350457.2478355.6377343330
450×300457.2478323.9325343321
450×250457.2478273273343308
450×200457.2478219.1219343298
500×450508529457.2478381368
500×100508529406.4426381356
500×350508529355.6377381356
500×300508529323.9325381346
500×250508529273273381333
500×200508529219.1219381324
550×500559-508-419406
550×450559-457-419394
550×400559-406-419381
600×550610-559-432432
600×550610630508530432432
600×450610630457480432419
650×600660-610-495483
650×550660-559-495470
650×500660-508-495457
700×650711-660-521521
700×600711720610630521508
700×550711-559-521495
750×700762-711-559546
750×650762-660-559546
750×600762-610-559533
800×750813-762-597584
800×700813820711720597572
800×650813-660-597572
850×800864-813-635622
850×750864-762-635610
850×700864-711-635597
900×850914-864-673660
900×800914920813820673648
900×750914-762-673635
950×900965-914-711711
950×850965-864-711698
950×800965-813-711686
1000×9501016-965-749749
1000×90010161020914920749737
1000×85001016-864-749724
1000×10001067-1016-762711
1050×9501067-965-762711
1050×9001067-914-762711
1100×10501118-1067-813762
1100×10001118112010161020813749
1100×9501118-965-813737
1150×11001168-1118-851800
1150×10501168-1067-851787
1150×10001168-1016-851775
1200×11501220-1168-889838
1200×11001220122011181120889838
1200×10501220-1067-889813

Nominal pipe sizeOutside Diameter at BevelCenter to End
DCM
DNINCHSeries ASeries B
151/221.31825
203/426.92529
25133.73238
321 1/442.43848
401 1/248.34557
50260.35764
652 1/276.1(73)7676
80388.98986
903 1/2101.695
1004114.3108105
1255139.7133124
1506168.3159143
2008219.1219178
25010273273216
30012323.9325254
35014355.6377279
40016406.4426305
45018457.2478343
50020508529381
55022559419
60024610630432
65026660495
70028711720521
75030762559
80032813820597
85034864635
90036914920673
95038965711
10004010161020749
1050421067762711
11004411181120813762
1150461168851800
12004812201220889838

Standard

Pipe fitting dimensions are in either metric or Standard English. Because pipe fitting covers Pipe Fitting Dimensions several aspects, only the most common pipe fitting sizes can be given here. The most applied version is the 90° long radius and the 45° elbow, while the 90° short radius elbow is applied if there is too little space. The function of a 180° elbow is to change direction of flow through 180°. Both, the LR and the SR types have a center to center dimension double the matching 90° elbows. These fittings will generally be used in furnesses or other heating or cooling units.

Some of the standards that apply to buttwelded fittings are listed below. Many organizations such as ASME, ASTM, ISO, MSS, etc. have very well developed standards and specifications for buttwelded fittings. It is always up to the designer to ensure that they are following the applicable standard and company specification, if available, during the design process.

Some widely used pipe fitting standards are as follows:

ASME: American Society for Mechanical Engineers
This is one of the reputed organizations in the world developing codes and standards.
The schedule number for pipe fitting starts from ASME/ANSI B16. The various classifications of ASME/ANSI B16 standards for different pipe fittings are as follows:

  • ASME/ANSI B16.1 – 1998 – Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
  • ASME/ANSI B16.3 – 1998 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
  • ASME/ANSI B16.4 – 1998 – Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
  • ASME/ANSI B16.5 – 1996 – Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
  • ASME/ANSI B16.11 – 2001 – Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
  • ASME/ANSI B16.14 – 1991 – Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
  • ASME/ANSI B16.15 – 1985 (R1994) – Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings
  • ASME/ANSI B16.25 – 1997 – Buttwelding Ends
  • ASME/ANSI B16.36 – 1996 – Orifice Flanges etc.

ASTM International: American Society for Testing and Materials
This is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world. It was originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

  • ASTM A105 / A105M – Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
  • ASTM A234 / A234M – Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
  • ASTM A403 / A403M – Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
  • ASTM A420 / A420M – Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service

AWWA: American Water Works Association

AWWA About – Established in 1881, the American Water Works Association is the largest nonprofit, scientific and educational association dedicated to managing and treating water, the world’s most important resource.

  • AWWA C110 – Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings, 3 Inch Through 48 Inch (75 mm Through 1200 mm), for Water and Other Liquids
  • AWWA C208 – Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings

ANSI: The American National Standards Institute

ANSI is a private, non-profit organization. Its main function is to administer and coordinate the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. It provides a forum for development of American national standards. ANSI assigns “schedule numbers”. These numbers classify wall thicknesses for different pressure uses.

MSS STANDARDS: Manufacturers Standardization Society
The Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS) of the Valve and Fittings Industry is a non-profit technical association organized for development and improvement of industry, national and international codes and standards for: Valves, Valve Actuators, Valve Modification, Pipe Fittings, Pipe Hangers, Pipe Supports, Flanges and Associated Seals

  • MSS SP-43 – Wrought Stainless Steel Butt-Welding Fittings Including Reference to Other Corrosion Resistant Materials
  • MSS SP-75 – Specifications for High Test Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
  • MSS SP-73 – Brazing Joints for Copper and Copper Alloy Pressure Fittings
  • MSS SP-83 – Class 3000 Steel Pipe Unions, Socket-Welding and Threaded
  • MSS SP-97 – Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings — Socket Welding, Threaded, and Buttwelding Ends
  • MSS SP-106 – Cast Copper Alloy Flanges and Flanged Fittings Class 125,150, and 300
  • MSS SP-119 – Factory-Made Wrought Belled End Socket Welding Fittings

Difference between “Standard” and “Codes”:

Piping codes imply the requirements of design, fabrication, use of materials, tests and inspection of various pipe and piping system. It has a limited jurisdiction defined by the code. On the other hand, piping standards imply application design and construction rules and requirements for pipe fittings like adapters, flanges, sleeves, elbows, union, tees, valves etc. Like a code, it also has a limited scope defined by the standard.

Factors affecting standards: “Standards” on pipe fittings are based on certain factors like as follows:

  • Pressure-temperature ratings
  • Size
  • Design
  • Coatings
  • Materials
  • Marking
  • End connections
  • Dimensions and tolerances
  • Threading
  • Pattern taper etc.

BSP: British Standard Pipe

BSP is the U.K. standard for pipe fittings. This refers to a family of standard screw thread types for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal (female) thread. This has been adopted internationally. It is also known as British Standard Pipe Taper threads (BSPT )or British Standard Pipe Parallel (Straight) threads (BSPP ). While the BSPT achieves pressure tight joints by the threads alone, the BSPP requires a sealing ring.

JIS: Japanese Industrial Standards

This is the Japanese industrial standards or the standards used for industrial activities in Japan for pipe, tube and fittings and published through Japanese Standards Associations.

NPT: National Pipe Thread

National Pipe Thread is a U.S. standard straight (NPS) threads or for tapered (NPT) threads. This is the most popular US standard for pipe fittings. NPT fittings are based on the internal diameter (ID) of the pipe fitting.

BOLTS & NUTS

We are manufacturer of Flange bolts & Nuts and supply high quality

  • A193 = This specification covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, Valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications.
  • A320 = Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service.
  • A194 = Standard specification for nuts in many different material types.

AN: Here, “A” stands for Army and “N” stands for Navy

The AN standard was originally designed for the U.S. Military. Whenever, a pipe fitting is AN fittings, it means that the fittings are measured on the outside diameter of the fittings, that is, in 1/16 inch increments.

For example, an AN 4 fitting means a fitting with an external diameter of approximately 4/16″ or ¼”. It is to be noted that approximation is important because AN external diameter is not a direct fit with an equivalent NPT thread.

Dash (-) size

Dash size is the standard used to refer to the inside diameter of a hose. This indicates the size by a two digit number which represents the relative ID in sixteenths of an inch. This is also used interchangeably with AN fittings. For example, a Dash “8” fitting means an AN 8 fitting.

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

ISO is the industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from the International Organization for Standardization. ISO standards are numbered. They have format as follows:

“ISO[/IEC] [IS] nnnnn[:yyyy] Title” where

  • nnnnn: standard number
  • yyyy: year published, and
  • Title: describes the subject

How are pipe fittings measured?

Pipe fittings are measured by their diameter, wall thickness (known as “schedule”), and shape or configuration. (Fittings are also defined by their material grade and whether they are welded or seamless.)

Diameter refers to outside diameter of a pipe or fitting.

The North American standard is known as Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). The International Standard is known as Diameter Nominal (DN). Pipes and fittings are actually made in similar sizes around the world: they are just labeled differently.

From ½ in to 12 inch “Nominal Pipe Size”, outside diameters are slightly larger than indicated size; inside diameters get smaller as schedules grow.

From 14 in and larger “Nominal Pipe Size”, outside diameters are exactly as indicated size; inside diameters get smaller as schedules grow.
As with other North American standards (inch, foot, yard, mile, …), many pipe standards (diameters up to 12 inch and wall thickness) are based on historical precedents (a toolmaker’s dies during US Civil War) rather than a “scientific” method.

Schedule Numbers

The schedule numbers are used by the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) to denote wall thickness. The schedule numbers encompass all pipe dimensions beginning at NPS 1/8” up NPS 36”. Note that this configuration is only for fittings that match with a particular ANSI schedule number.

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures.

  • Schedule, often shortened as sch, is a North American standard that refers to wall thickness of a pipe or pipe fitting. Higher schedules mean thicker walls that can resist higher pressures.
  • Pipe standards define these wall thicknesses: SCH 5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS and XXS. (S following a number is for stainless steel. Sizes without an S are for carbon steel.)
  • Higher schedules are heavier, require more material and are therefore more costly to make and install.

What does “schedule” mean for pipe fittings?

Schedule, often shortened as SCH, is a North American standard that refers to wall thickness of a pipe or pipe fitting.

What is schedule 40, SCH80?

Higher schedules mean thicker walls that can resist higher pressures.

Pipe standards define these wall thicknesses: SCH 5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS and XXS.
(S following a number is for stainless steel. Sizes without an S are for carbon steel.)

Higher schedules are heavier, require more material and are therefore more costly to make and install.

General standard

StandardSpecification
ASTM A234Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
ASTM A420Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service
ASTM A234 WPBASTM A234 is Standard Specification for steel pipe fittings includes carbon and alloy steel material for moderate and high temperature services. WPB is one of the steel grade in this standard
ASME B16.9ASME B16.9 Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances,ratings, testing, and markings for factory-made wrought buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1⁄2 through NPS 48 (DN 15 through DN 1200).
ASME B16.28ASME B16.28 Standard covers ratings, overall dimensions, testing, tolerances, and markings for wrought carbon and alloy steel buttwelding short radius elbows and returns.
MSS SP-97MSS SP-97 Standard Practice covers essential dimensions, finish, tolerances, testing, marking, material, and minimum strength requirements for 90 degree integrally reinforced forged branch outlet fittings of buttwelding, socket welding, and threaded types.
ASTM A403Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings.

Wide variety for all areas of application

DINENASME
St 35.8 I
St 35.8 III
15 Mo 3
13 CrMo 4 4
10 CrMo 9 10
St 35 N
St 52.0
St 52.4
P235GH-TC1
P235GH-TC2
16Mo3
13CrMo4-5
10CrMo9-10
X10CrMoVNb9-1
P215NL
P265NL
L360NB
L360NE
P355N
P355NL1
P355NH
WPB
WPL6
WPL3
WPHY 52
WP11
WP22
WP5
WP9
WP91
WP92

ASTM A234

ASTM A234/ASME SA234M standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and alloy steel for moderate and high temperature service.

Chemical Composition (%) of ASTM A234/A234M

GradeTypeCSiSPMnCrNiMoOtheróbósδ5
WPB0.30.1min0.0580.050.29-1.060.40.40.15V:0.06;Nb:0.02415-58524022197
WPC0.350.1min0.0580.050.29-1.060.40.40.15V:0.06;Nb:0.02485-65527522197
WP10.280.1-0.50.0450.0450.3-0.90.44-0.65380-55020522197
WP12 CL10.05-0.20.60.0450.0450.3-0.80.8-1.250.44-0.65415-58522022197
WP12 CL20.05-0.20.60.0450.0450.3-0.80.8-1.250.44-0.65485-65527522197
WP11 CL10.05-0.150.5-10.030.030.3-0.61-1.50.44-0.65415-58520522197
WP11 CL20.05-0.20.5-10.040.040.3-0.81-1.50.44-0.65485-65527522197
WP11 CL30.05-0.20.5-10.040.040.3-0.81-1.50.44-0.65520-69031022197
WP22 CL10.05-0.150.50.040.040.3-0.61.9-2.60.87-1.13415-58520522197
WP22 CL30.05-0.150.50.040.040.3-0.61.9-2.60.87-1.13520-69031022197
WP5 CL10.150.50.030.040.3-0.64-60.44-0.65415-58520522217
WP5 CL30.150.50.030.040.3-0.64-60.44-0.65520-69031022217
WP9 CL10.1510.030.030.3-0.68-100.9-1.1415-58520522217
WP9 CL30.1510.030.030.3-0.68-100.9-1.1520-69031022217
WPR0.20.050.0450.4-1.061.6-2.24435-60531522/28217
WP910.08-0.120.2-0.50.010.020.3-0.68-9.50.40.85-1.05See sdandard585-76041520248
WP9110.09-0.130.1-0.50.010.020.3-0.68.5-10.50.40.9-1.1See sdandard620-84044020248
Notes:

For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified C maximum, an increase of 0.06% Mn above the specified maximum will be permitted, up to a maximum of 1.35%.
The sum of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo shall not exceed 1.00%.
The sum of Cr and Mo shall not exceed 0.32%.
The maximum carbon equivalent (C.E.) shall be 0.50, based on heat analysis and the formula C.E.=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15.

Mechanical properties of ASTM A234

Tensile RequirementsWPBWPC, WP11CL2WP11CL1 WP11CL3
Tensile Strength, min, ksi[MPa]
(0.2% offset or 0.5% extension-under-load)
60-85
[415-585]
70-95
[485-655]
60-85
[415-585]
 75-100
[520-690]
Yield Strength, min, ksi[MPa]32
[240]
40
[275]
30
[205]
45
[310]

ASTM A403

ASTM A403 Standard specification covers the standard for wrought austenitic stainless steel fittings for pressure piping applications.

Chemical Composition (%) of ASTM A403

Steel No.TypeCSiSPMnCrNiMoOtheróbósδ5
WP3040.0810.030.045218-208-1151520528
WP304H0.04-0.110.030.045218-208-1151520528
WP304L0.03510.030.045218-208-1348517028
WP304LN0.030.750.030.045218-208-10.5N2:0.1-0.1651520528
WP304N0.080.750.030.045218-208-11N2:0.1-0.1655024028
WP3090.1510.030.045222-2412-1551520528
WP3100.151.50.030.045224-2619-2251520528
WP3160.0810.030.045216-1810-142-351520528
WP316H0.04-0.110.030.045216-1810-142-351520528
WP316LN0.030.750.030.045216-1811-142-3N2:0.1-0.1651520528
WP316L0.03510.030.045216-1810-162-348517028
WP316N0.080.750.030.045216-1811-142-3N2:0.1-0.1655024028
WP3170.0810.030.045218-2011-153-451520528
WP317L0.0310.030.045218-2011-153-451520528
WP3210.0810.030.045217-209-13Ti:5C-0.751520528
WP321H0.04-0.110.030.045217-209-13Ti:4C-0.751520528
WP3470.0810.030.045217-209-13Nb+Ta:10C-1.151520528
WP347H0.04-0.110.030.045217-209-13Nb+Ta:8C-151520528
WP3480.0810.030.045217-209-13Ta:0.151520528
WP348H0.04-0.110.030.045217-209-13Ta:0.151520528
Notes:

For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified C maximum, an increase of 0.06% Mn above the specified maximum will be permitted, up to a maximum of 1.35%.
The sum of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo shall not exceed 1.00%.
The sum of Cr and Mo shall not exceed 0.32%.
The maximum carbon equivalent (C.E.) shall be 0.50, based on heat analysis and the formula C.E.=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15.

Mechanical properties of ASTM A403

GradeUNSTensile Strength, minYield Strength,minElongation min % in 4D
ksiMPaksiMPaLongit %Trans%
ALLALL75515302052820
304LS3040370485251702820
316LS3160370485251702820
304NS3045180550352402820
316NS3165180550352402820
S3172680550352402820
XM-19S20910100690553802820
S3125494-119650-820443002820
S34565115795604152820
S3322873500271852820

Material Furnished to this specification shall conform to the requirements of specifications A960/A960M including any supplementary requirements that are indicates in the purchase order. Failure to company with the common requirements of Specification A960/A960M constitutes non-conformance with this specification . In case of conflict between this specification and Specification A960/A960M , this specification shall prevail.

ASTM A420

ASTM A420/A420M-07 standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and alloy steel for low-temperature service.

ASTM A420 Chemical Composition Requirements

ElementsWPL6, %WPL9, %WPL3, %WPL8, %
Carbon [C]≤0.30≤0.20≤0.20≤0.13
Manganese [Mn]0.50-1.350.40-1.060.31-0.64≤0.90
Phosphorus [P]≤0.035≤0.030≤0.05≤0.030
Sulfur [S]≤0.040≤0.030≤0.05≤0.030
Silicon [Si]0.15-0.400.13-0.370.13-0.37
Nickel [Ni]≤0.401.60-2.243.2-3.88.4-9.6
Chromium [Cr]≤0.30.........
Molybdenum [Mo]≤0.12.........
Copper [Cu]≤0.400.75-1.25
Columbium [Cb]≤0.02.........
Vanadium[V]≤0.08.........
*For grade WPL6, the limit for Columbium may be increased up to 0.05% on heat analysis and 0.06% on product analysis.
*Fittings of WPL3 made from plate or forgings may have 0.90 % max manganese.
*Fittings of WPL8 made from plate may have 0.98 % max manganese.

ASTM A420 Mechanical Properties

ASTM A420/ A420MTensile Strength, min.Yield Strength, min.Elongation %, min
GradeksiMPaksiMPaLongitudinalTransverse
WPL665-95415-655352402212
WPL963-88435-6104631520
WPL365-90450-620352402214
WPL8100-125690-8657551516
*All the elongation values are on the basis of standard round specimen, or small proportional specimen, min % in 4 D.

ASTM A234 is Standard Specification for steel pipe fittings includes carbon and alloy steel material for moderate and high temperature services.

ASME B16.9

ASME B16.9 Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances,ratings, testing, and markings for factory-made wrought buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1⁄2 through NPS 48 (DN 15 through DN 1200).

ASME / ANSI B16.9 dimension

NominalOutside Diameter90° Elbows45° Elbows180° Returns
Pipe Size
Long RadiusShort RadiusLong RadiusLong Radius
(inches)(mm)(inches)Center to FaceCenter to FaceCenter to FaceRadiusCenter to CenterBack to face
(inches)(inches)(inches)(inches)(inches)(inches)
1/221.30.841.55/821.875
3/426.71.051.1257/162.251.6875
133.41.3151.517/832.1875
1.2542.21.661.8751.2513.752.75
1.548.31.92.251.51.12534.53.25
260.32.375321.375464.1875
2.5732.8753.752.51.7557.55.1875
388.93.54.532696.25
3.5101.645.253.52.25710.57.25
4114.34.5642.58128.25
5141.35.5637.553.125101510.3125
6168.36.625963.75121812.3125
8219.18.6251285122416.3125
10273.110.7515106.25153020.375
12323.912.7518127.5183624.375

Tolerances of Welded Fittings

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE NPSANGULARITY TOLERANCESANGULARITY TOLERANCES
SizeOff Angle QOff Plane P
½ to 40.030.06
5 to 80.060.12
10 to 120.090.19
14 to 160.090.25
18 to 240.120.38
26 to 300.190.38
32 to 420.190.5
44 to 480.180.75
All dimensions are given in inches. Tolerances are equal plus and minus except as noted.
1. Out-of-round is the sum of absolute values of plus and minus tolerance.
2. This tolerance may not apply in localized areas of formed fittings where increased wall thickness is required to meet design requirements of ASME B16.9.
3. The inside diameter and the nominal wall thicknesses at ends are to be specified by the purchaser.
4. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, these tolerances apply to the nominal inside diameter, which equals the difference between the nominal outside diameter and twice the nominal wall thickness.

MSS SP-97

MSS SP-97 Standard Practice covers essential dimensions, finish, tolerances, testing, marking, material, and minimum strength requirements for 90 degree integrally reinforced forged branch outlet fittings of buttwelding, socket welding, and threaded types.

Buttwelding Ends

Nominal wall Thickness : tEnd Preparation
t<5mm (for austenitic alloy steel t<4mm)Cut square or slightly chamfer at manufacturer ‘ s option
5Plain Bevel as in sketch ( a ) above
t>22mmCompound Bevel as in sketch ( b ) above

Chemical Composition Requirements of MSS SP 75

ElementsValue, %
Carbon (C)≤0.30
Manganese (Mn)≤1.60
Phosphorus (P)≤0.035
Sulfur (S)≤0.035
Copper (Cu)≤0.50
Nickel (Ni)≤0.50
Silicon (Si)≤0.50
Chromium (Cr)≤0.25
Molybdenum (Mo)≤0.13
Vanadium (V)≤0.13
Columbium (Cb)≤0.10
Titanium(Ti)≤0.05
*1. The sum of Cu, Ni, Cr and Mo shall not exceed 1%.
*2. Carbon equivalent C.E.=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15 shall not exceed 0.45%.

Manufacturing Standards of Buttweld Pipe End, Buttweld Pipe Cap

  • ASME: ANSI B16.9, ANSI B16.28, MSS-SP-43
  • DIN: DIN2605, DIN2615, DIN2616, DIN2617, DIN28011
  • EN: EN10253-1, EN10253-2
  • ASTM A403 – ASME SA403 Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
  • ASME B16.9 Factory-Made Wrought Fittings Buttwelding
  • ASME B16.25 Buttwelding Ends
  • ASME B16.28 Wrought Steel Short Radius Elbows and Buttwelding Returns
  • MSS SP-43 Wrought and Fabricated Butt-Welding Fittings for Low Pressure, Corrosion Resistant Applications

Buttweld Pipe End Material Grades

  • Stainless Steel Pipe Cap ASTM A403 WP Gr. 304, 304H, 309, 310, 316, 316L, 317L, 321, 347, 904L
  • Carbon Steel Pipe Cap ASTM A 234 WPB , WPBW, WPHY 42, WPHY 46, WPHY 52, WPH 60, WPHY 65 & WPHY 70.
  • Low Temperature Carbon Steel Pipe Cap ASTM A420 WPL3, A420 WPL6
  • Alloy Steel Pipe Cap ASTM / ASME A/SA 234 Gr. WP 1, WP 5, WP 9, WP 11, WP 12, WP 22, WP 91
  • Duplex Pipe Cap ASTM A 815, ASME SA 815 UNS NO S31803, S32205. Werkstoff No. 1.4462
  • Nickel Alloy Pipe Cap ASTM / ASME SB 336 UNS 2200 ( NICKEL 200 ), UNS 2201 (NICKEL 201 ), UNS 4400 (MONEL 400 ), UNS 8020 ( ALLOY 20 / 20 CB 3, UNS 8825 INCONEL (825), UNS 6600 (INCONEL 600 ), UNS 6601 ( INCONEL 601 ), UNS 6625 (INCONEL 625), UNS 10276 ( HASTELLOY C 276 )

Reference

Just before the final delivery, our merchandise are stringently checked by a team of quality analyzers on varied parameters, which guarantee their flawlessness and durability. In addition, clients can avail these goods from us at competitive rates.

ASTM

  • ASME/ANSI B16.49 Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Induction Bends for Transportation and Distribution Systems
  • ASTM A403 Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
  • ISO 2851 tainless steel bends and tees for the food

JIS

  • JIS B2311 Universal steel butt-welding pipe fittings
  • JIS B2312 Steel butt-welding pipe fittings
  • JIS B2313 Steel plate butt-welding pipe fittings
  • JIS B 2321:1995Aluminium and aluminium alloy butt-welding pipe fittings

EURO

  • DIN 3867 Non-soldering compression couplings – Pressure bush for butt joints
  • DIN 2609 Steel butt-welding pipe fittings; technical delivery conditions
  • BS 1640 Specification for steel butt-welding pipe fittings for the petroleum industry
  • BS 1965 Butt welding pipe fittings for pressure purpose
  • STPG38

FAQs

Pipe fittings are necessary to join together pipes, or to change the direction of an existing pipe. Pipes and pipe fittings are made of a variety of materials, depending on the fluid or gas being transported. Most pipe fittings tend to be either threaded or able to slip over the pipes they connect. Whether you are using steel pipes of PVC pipes, a chemical solvent is required to create a seal between the pipe and the fittings.

Measure the required length of the pipe to be installed, keeping in mind the extra length required where the pipe will be inserted into the fitting. Mark this length on the pipe.

How to Calculate a Pipe Bend?

Pipe fittings are necessary to join together pipes, or to change the direction of an existing pipe. Pipes and pipe fittings are made of a variety of materials, depending on the fluid or gas being transported. Most pipe fittings tend to be either threaded or able to slip over the pipes they connect. Whether you are using steel pipes of PVC pipes, a chemical solvent is required to create a seal between the pipe and the fittings.

Measure the required length of the pipe to be installed, keeping in mind the extra length required where the pipe will be inserted into the fitting. Mark this length on the pipe.

Bevelled Ends

The ends of all buttweld fittings are bevelled, exceeding wall thickness 4 mm for austenitic stainless steel, or 5 mm for ferritic stainless steel. The shape of the bevel depending upon the actual wall thickness. This bevelled ends are needed to be able to make a “Butt weld”.

Welding Bevel acc.to ASME / ANSI B16.9 and ASME / ANSI B16.28

ASME B16.25 covers the preparation of buttwelding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and dimensional tolerances).

Our in-hourse R&D team developed bevel ends equipment are good using in thickness 2mm to 20mm pipe fittings, guarantee high efficiency and high quality.

These weld edge preparation requirements are also incorporated into the ASME standards (e.g., B16.9, B16.5, B16.34).

ASME B16.25 (BUTT WELD ENDS)

ASME B16.25 sets standards for the preparation of the ends of components that need to be welded together.

Cut square or slight chamfer, at manufacturer’s option for :

  • t ≤ 0.19” carbon steel or ferritic alloy steels
    t ≤ 0.12” austenitic alloy steels

Buttweld Fittings general

A pipe fitting is defined as a part used in a piping system, for changing direction, branching or for change of pipe diameter, and which is mechanically joined to the system.

There are many different types of fittings and they are the same in all sizes and schedules as the pipe.

Packing

For packing of carbon steel flanges with painting,we would use the bubble wrap to protect the painting.For flanges without painting or oiled with long-term shipment,we would suggest client to use the anti-tarnish paper and plastic bag to prevent the rust.
Packing reducers in wooden cases

Wrap the plastic tightly around the pipe to protect the tee

Inquiry

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FAQ

Q: How long is your delivery time? A: The delivery time of customized products is generally 25 35 days, and non customized products are generally shipped within 24 hours after payment. Q: Do you provide samples? Is it free? A: If the value of the sample is low, we will provide it for free, but the freight needs to be paid by the customer. But for some high value samples, we need to charge a fee. Q: What are your payment terms? A: T/T 30% as the deposit,The balance payment is paid in full before shipment Q: What is the packaging and transportation form? A: Non steaming wooden box and iron frame packaging. Special packaging is available according to customer needs. The transportation is mainly by sea. Q: What is your minimum order quantity? A: There is no minimum order quantity requirement. Customized products are tailor made according to the drawings provided by the customer.