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ASTM A213 T12 Seamless alloy pipes

ASTM A213 T12 Tube is made up of a material composition of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, 0.8% chromium and 0.44% molybdenum minimum. The material has good corrosion resistance, strength and high heat tolerance.

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Description

ASTM A213 T12 Tube is made up of a material composition of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, 0.8% chromium and 0.44% molybdenum minimum. The material has good corrosion resistance, strength and high heat tolerance. There are seamless, fabricated and EFW products in this range and the ASTM A213 T12 Alloy Steel Seamless Tube is the most used due to the accuracy in dimensions. The dimensions of the tube can vary according to the ASTM, ASME and API standards. The wall thickness ranges from 1mm to 200mm, length up to 2500mm and outer diameter from ½ inches to 5 inches. The ASTM A213 Grade T12 Tube can be heat treated with full or isothermal annealing or normalize and temper methods. The pre heating is not required for conventional welding methods but when welded with oxy acetylene or submerged arc welding, the material has to be pre heated and post weld heat treated.

ASTM A213 T12 Standard covers seamless ferritic and austenitic steel boiler, superheater, and heat-exchanger tubes.

ASTM A213 T12 Grades containing the letter H in their designation have requirements different from those of similar grades not containing the letter H.

These different requirements provide higher creep-rupture strength than normally achievable in similar grades without these different requirements. ASTM A213 T21 tubes shall be made by the seamless process and shall be either hot finished or cold finished, as specified. Grade TP347HFG shall be cold finished. Heat treatment shall be done separately and in addition to heating for hot forming. The ferritic alloy and ferritic stainless steels shall be reheated. On the other hand, austenitic stainless steel tubes shall be furnished in the heat-treated condition. Alternatively, immediately after hot forming, while the temperature of the tubes is not less than the minimum solution temperature, tubes may be individually quenched in water or rapidly cooled by other means. Tension test, hardness test, flattening test, and flaring test shall be done to each tube. Also, each tube shall be subjected to the nondestructive electric test or hydrostatic test.

This abstract is a brief summary of the referenced standard. It is informational only and not an official part of the standard; the full text of the standard itself must be referred to for its use and application. ASTM does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents of this abstract are accurate, complete or up to date.

ASTM A213M-09 Material comparison tables (ASTM →KS, JIS, DIN, BS, NBN, NF, UNI)

GradeUNS DesignationCMnPSSiNickelChromiumMolybdenumVana-BoronNiobiumNitrogenAluminumTungsten
T2K115470.10–0.200.30–0.610.0250.025B0.10–0.30...0.50–0.810.44–0.65..................
T5K415450.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.5...4.00–6.000.45–0.65..................
T5bK515450.150.30–0.600.0250.0251.00–2.00...4.00–6.000.45–0.65..................
T5cK412450.120.30–0.600.0250.0250.5...4.00–6.000.45–0.65..................
T9K909410.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.25–1.00...8.00–10.000.90–1.10..................
T11K115970.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50–1.00...1.00–1.500.44–0.65..................
T12K115620.05–0.150.30–0.610.0250.025B0.5...0.80–1.250.44–0.65..................
T17K120470.15–0.250.30–0.610.0250.0250.15–0.35...0.80–1.25...0.15...............
T21K315450.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50–1.00...2.65–3.350.80–1.06..................
T22K215900.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.5...1.90–2.600.87–1.13..................
T23K407120.04–0.100.10–0.600.030.010.50.41.90–2.600.05–0.300.20–0.300.0010–0.0060.02–0.080.0150.031.45–1.75
T24K307360.05–0.100.30–0.700.020.010.15–0.45...2.20–2.600.90–1.100.20–0.300.0015–0.007...0.0120.02...
T36K210010.10–0.170.80–1.200.030.0250.25–0.501.00–1.300.30.25–0.500.02...0.015–0.0450.020.05...
T91K909010.07–0.140.30–0.600.020.010.20–0.500.48.0–9.50.85–1.050.18–0.25...0.06–0.100.030–0.07 0.02...
T92K924600.07–0.130.30–0.600.020.010.50.48.5–9.50.30–0.600.15–0.250.001–0.006 0.04–0.090.030–0.070.021.5–2.00
T122K912710.07–0.140.70.020.010.50.510.0–11.50.25–0.600.15–0.300.0005–0.0050.04–0.100.040–0.021.50–2.50
T911K910610.09–0.130.30–0.600.020.010.10–0.500.48.5–9.50.90–1.100.18–0.250.0003–0.0060.06–0.100.040–0.090.020.90–1.10
Note:

A Maximum, unless range or minimum is indicated. Where ellipses (...) appear in this table, there is no requirement, and analysis for the element need not be determined or reported.

B It is permissible to order T2 and T12 with a sulfur content of 0.045 max. See 16.3.

C Alternatively, in lieu of this ratio minimum, the material shall have a minimum hardness of 275 HV in the hardened condition, defined as after austenitizing and cooling to room temperature but prior to tempering.
Hardness test frequency shall be two samples of product per heat treatment lot and the hardness testing results shall be reported on the material test report.

ASTM A213 Mechanical properties

GradeTensile strength
(Mpa)
Yield point(Mpa)
not less than
Elongation(%)
not less than
Impact(J)
not less than
Hardness
not less than
A213 T2/SA213 T2≥415205"85HRB
A213 T11/SA213 T11≥415205"85HRB
A213 T22/SA213 T22≥415205"85HRB
A213 T23/SA213 T23≥51040020"97HRB
A213 T24/SA213 T24≥58541520"25HRB
A213 T91/SA213 T91≥58541520"25HRB
A213 T911/SA213 T911≥62044020"25HRB
A213 T22/SA213 T92≥62044020"25HRB
A213 T122/SA213 T122≥6204002025HRB
TP304H≥5152053590HRB
TP316H≥5152053590HRB
TP321H≥5152053590HRB
TP347H≥5152053590HRB
S30432≥5902353595HRB
TP310HCbN≥65529530100HRB

ASTM A213 tube Size range

NPS, inchOutside Diameter(mm)Wall Thickness(mm)Max. Length(M)
1/810,31,24; 1,73; 2,4012
1/413,71,65; 2,24; 3,02
3/817,11,65; 2,31; 3,20
1/221,31,65; 2,11; 2,77; 3,73
3/426,71,65; 2,11; 2,87; 3,91
133,41,65; 2,77; 3,38; 4,5510
1.2542,41,65; 2,77; 3,56; 4,85
1.548,32,77; 3,68; 5,08
260,33,91; 5,547
2.573,05,16; 7,01

Grades containing the letter H in their designation have requirements different from those of similar grades not containing the letter H.

These different requirements provide higher creep-rupture strength than normally achievable in similar grades without these different requirements. ASTM A213 T22 tubes shall be made by the seamless process and shall be either hot finished or cold finished, as specified. Grade TP347HFG shall be cold finished. Heat treatment shall be done separately and in addition to heating for hot forming. The ferritic alloy and ferritic stainless steels shall be reheated. On the other hand, austenitic stainless steel tubes shall be furnished in the heat-treated condition. Alternatively, immediately after hot forming, while the temperature of the tubes is not less than the minimum solution temperature, tubes may be individually quenched in water or rapidly cooled by other means. Tension test, hardness test, flattening test, and flaring test shall be done to each tube. Also, each tube shall be subjected to the nondestructive electric test or hydrostatic test.

ASTM A209 Through A213

  • Other standard specifications include the categories of A209 seamless carbon-molybdenum alloy-steel boiler and superheater tubes;
  • A210 seamless medium-carbon steel boiler and superheater tubes and A213 seamless ferritic and austenitic steel boiler, superheater and heat-exchanger tubes.
  • Piping wall thicknesses range from 1/2 inch to 5 inches.
  • A213 grades also have the letter H or M assigned, which changes the composition and specifications for that series.

This abstract is a brief summary of the referenced standard. It is informational only and not an official part of the standard; the full text of the standard itself must be referred to for its use and application. ASTM does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents of this abstract are accurate, complete or up to date.

ASTM A213 Standard Scope

1.1 This specification covers seamless ferritic and austenitic steel boiler, superheater, and heat-exchanger tubes, designated Grades T91, TP304, etc. These steels are listed in Tables 1 and 2.
1.2 Grades containing the letter, H, in their designation, have requirements different from those of similar grades not containing the letter, H. These different requirements provide higher creep-rupture strength than normally achievable in similar grades without these different requirements.
1.3 The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to this specification are 1/8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter to 5 in. [127 mm] in outside diameter and 0.015 to 0.500 in. [0.4 to 12.7 mm], inclusive, in minimum wall thickness or, if specified in the order, average wall thickness. Tubing having other diameters may be furnished, provided such tubes comply with all other requirements of this specification.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.

TABLE 1 Chemical Composition Limits, %A, for Low Alloy SteelA Maximum, unless range or minimum is indicated. Where ellipses (…) appear in this table, there is no requirement, and analysis for the element need not be determined or reported.

B It is permissible to order T2 and T12 with a sulfur content of 0.045 max. See 16.3.

C Alternatively, in lieu of this ratio minimum, the material shall have a minimum hardness of 275 HV in the hardened condition, defined as after austenitizing and cooling to room temperature but prior to tempering. Hardness testing shall be performed at mid-thickness of the product. Hardness test frequency shall be two samples of product per heat treatment lot and the hardness testing results shall be reported on the material test report.

Referenced Documents (purchase separately)

Other ASTM Standards

  • A262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels
  • A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys
  • A1016/A1016M Specification for General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Tubes
  • E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size

ASME SA 213 Grade T5 Alloy Steel Seamless Tubes are minimum-wall-thickness, seamless ferritic and austenitic steel, boiler and superheater tubes and austenitic steel heat-exchanger tubes, designated Grades T5, T11,T22,T91 etc. The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to ASME SA 213 Grade T5 specification are 1-8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter to 5 in. [127 mm] in outside diameter and 0.015 to 0.500 in. [0.4 to 12.7 mm], inclusive, in minimum wall thickness. SA 213 Tubes having other dimensions may be furnished & provided such tubes comply with all other requirements of this specification.

Wall Thickness : the minimum wall thickness at any point or end on ASME SA 213 pipes and tubes shall not be greater than 12.5% under the nominal thickness specified.

Inner Diameter: For pipe ordered in inside diameter, the inside diameter shall not vary more than ñ 1% from the required/specified inside diameter.

Process

Cold drawn seamless steel tube deformed process

Cold Drawn Seamless Mechanical Tubing (CDS) is a cold drawn 1018/1026 steel tube which offers uniform tolerances, enhanced machinability and increased strength and tolerances compared to hot-rolled products.

Cold drawn seamless steel tubes process

Cold drawn steel tube is with hot-rolled steel coil as raw material, and tandem cold rolling pickled to remove oxide scale, its finished rolling hard roll, rolling hard volumes due to the continuous cold deformation caused by cold hardening strength, hardness increased indicators declined tough plastic, stamping performance will deteriorate, which can only be used for simple deformation of the parts.

Rolling hard roll can be used as the raw material of the hot-dip galvanizing plant, hot dip galvanizing line set annealing line. Rolling hard roll weight is generally 6 to 13.5 tons, the coil diameter of 610mm.


Hot rolled seamless steel pipe deformed process

Hot-rolled seamless steel pipe production base deformation process can be summarized as three stages: perforation, extension and finishing.

Hot rolled seamless steel pipe deformed process

The main purpose of the perforation process is to become a solid round billet piercing hollow shell. Capillary in the specifications, accuracy and surface quality can not meet the requirements of the finished product, further improvements are needed to deform the metal through. The main purpose of the stretching machine is further reduced sectional view (main compression wall) for a larger axial extension, so that the capillary improved dimensional accuracy, surface quality and organizational performance.

After stretching machine rolled steel pipe shortage collectively need further molding mill in order to achieve the requirements of the finished pipe. Rolled steel due to pass in the method widely used in the production of seamless steel tubes.

So far, due to the method pass rolling steel can be divided into two categories: core pension without rolling rolling (hollow body rolling), and with the mandrel. Sizing machines, reducing mill and stretch reducing mill belonging to the hole without mandrel type continuous rolling mills are generally coffin. Its main purpose is to reduce the diameter of the deformation process or sizing get finished steel, the wall thickness of process control, can make thinning, thickening or nearly unchanged.

All the traditional hole-type rolling machine with mandrel belong to extend machine. The main purpose is to reduce the deformation process perforated capillary wall thickness and outer diameter roll passes in the deformation zone and the mandrel posed, for a larger axial extension. At the same time a certain improvement in the organization, performance, accuracy, surface quality.


Cut to LengthASTM A210 seamless medium carbon steel boiler and superheater tubes

Before cutting pipe and tubing

No matter the material, measure the diameter of the pipe or tube to be cut to ensure that you use the right-size tube cutter for the job. When determining how to make a straight cut, use a tape measure and a pencil or other writing instrument to mark on the surface where you want to cut. If possible, mark around the circumference of a pipe, especially when cutting with a handsaw. Ensure that a cut is as straight as possible by securing the pipe with a vise, clamp, miter box or even duct tape to keep the length from shifting out of place while cutting.

After cutting pipe and tubing

  • Unless a cut is perfectly clean, you should expect to remove burrs from around the edge, especially after sawing.
  • Use a deburring tool to clean the edge after tube cutting.
  • You may opt to use a metal file on the cut of a metal pipe.

Inspection

Inspection and test of alloy steel pipe:
Chemical composition inspection, mechanical properties test(tensile strength,yield strength, elongation, flaring, flattening, bending, hardness, impact test), surface and dimension test,no-destructive test, hydrostatic test.

PMI


Size measurement

Delivery

Bare packing/bundle packing/crate packing/wooden protection at the both sides of tubes and suitably protected for sea-worthly delivery or as requested.

Placing steel pipes into containers


Application

Alloy steel pipes are ideally suitable for chemical, petrochemicals, and other energy-related applications.

The alloy steel pipe adopts high quality carbon steel, alloy structural steel and stainless & heat resisting steel as raw material through hot rolling or cold drawn to be made.

Alloy steel can be used in process area where carbon steel has limitation such as

  • High-temperature services such as heater tubes
  • Low-temperature services such as cryogenic application
  • Very high presser service such as steam header

As an important element of steel products, alloy steel pipe can be divided into seamless steel pipe and welded steel pipe according to the manufacturing technique and tube billet shape.

Here you can see the common alloy steel grade that you will come across.

  • For Pipes: ASTM A335 Gr P1, P5, P11, P9
  • For Wrought Fittings: ASTM A234 Gr.WP5, WP9, WP11
  • For Forged Fittings: ASTM A182 F5, F9, F11 etc.

Why the application of alloy steel pipe is wider than others

There are many kinds of materials used for transport in industrial production. Specifically we will have more choices and it is not limited to the use of alloy steel pipe. But even in the face of more choices, many people tend to choose alloy steel pipe. People make their own choices will have their own reasons. This means the alloy steel pipe application has its own advantages. Compared with transmission lines made of other materials, after it meets the basic application requirements, its quantity is lighter. Then in the practical application of alloy steel pipe, it will have more advantages because of this. Besides its physical characteristic advantage, it also has economic advantages. The wide application of alloy steel pipe is with kinds of reasons. So in practical usage, we can exploit the advantages to the full, in this way can we get more profits in these applications of alloy steel pipe.

What requirements should alloy steel pipe application meet

The transportation of kinds of gases or liquids in production needs to rely on alloy steel pipe. This shows that the actual role of alloy steel pipe application is important. High temperature resistant and low temperature resistant is the tolerance of temperature. In the practical application of alloy steel pipe, there will be many materials need to be transported. However their temperatures are not the same. So this can be the basic requirement to alloy steel pipe. It needs more corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistant material is the best material during transporting, because it is corrosion resistant. So it can be used in more occasions. And it is definitely very convenient for users.

The biggest advantages of alloy steel pipe

Can be 100% recycled, environmentally friendly, energy-saving, resource conservation, national strategy, national policy to encourage the expansion of the field of application of high-pressure alloy pipe. Of alloy steel pipe total consumption accounted steel in the proportion is only half of the developed countries, to expand the field of use of the alloy steel pipe to provide a wider space for the development of the industry. The future needs of the average annual growth of China’s high-pressure alloy steel pipe long products up to 10-12%.

Specification, standard and identification of alloy steel pipes

Alloy Steel pipe contains substantial quantities of elements other than carbon such as nickel, chromium, silicon, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium and limited amounts of other commonly accepted elements such as manganese, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorous.

Industries We Serve

Our team of experienced sales specialists proudly partners with gas and chemical processors, power generation plants, oil refineries, and related industries to offer piping components and value-added services.

The biggest advantages of alloy steel pipe can be 100% recycled, environmentally friendly, energy-saving, resource conservation, national strategy, national policy to encourage the expansion of the field of application of high-pressure alloy pipe. Of alloy tube total consumption accounted steel in the proportion is only half of the developed countries, to expand the field of use of the alloy tube to provide a wider space for the development of the industry. According to the Chinese Special Steel Association alloy pipe Branch Expert Group, the future needs of the average annual growth of China’s high-pressure alloy pipe long products up to 10-12%.

Q&A

Our team of experienced sales specialists proudly partners with gas and chemical processors, power generation plants, oil refineries, and related industries to offer piping components and value-added services.

Alloying Elements

Alloying ElementsEffect on the Properties
ChromiumIncreases Resistance to corrosion   and oxidation. Increases hardenability and wear resistance. Increases high   temperature strength.
NickelIncreases hardenability. Improves   toughness. Increases impact strength at low temperatures.
MolybdenumIncreases hardenability, high   temperature hardness, and wear resistance. Enhances the effects of other   alloying elements. Eliminate temper brittleness in steels. Increases high   temperature strength.
ManganeseIncreases hardenability. Combines   with sulfur to reduce its adverse effects.
VanadiumIncreases hardenability, high   temperature hardness, and wear resistance. Improves fatigue resistance.
TitaniumStrongest carbide former. Added to   stainless steel to prevent precipitation of chromium carbide.
SiliconRemoves oxygen in steel making.   Improves toughness. Increases hardness ability
BoronIncreases hardenability. Produces   fine grain size.
AluminumForms nitride in nitriding steels.   Produces fine grain size in casting. Removes oxygen in steel melting.
CobaltIncreases heat and wear   resistance.
TungstenIncreases hardness at elevated   temperatures. Refines grain size.
Commonly used alloying elements and their effects are listed in the table given below.

The most important and desired changes in alloy steel are

Alloy steels are made by combining carbon steel with one or several alloying elements, such as manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper, chromium and aluminum. These metals are added to produce specific properties that are not found in regular carbon steel. The elements are added in varying proportions (or combinations) making the material take on different aspects such as increased hardness, increased corrosion resistance, increased strength, improved formability (ductility); the weldability can also change.

  • Increased hardenability.
  • Increased corrosion resistance.
  • Retention of hardness and strength.
  • Nearly all alloy steels require heat treatment in order to bring out their best properties.

Alloying Elements & Their Effects

  • Chromium – Adds hardness. Increased toughness and wear resistance.
  • Cobalt – Used in making cutting tools; improved Hot Hardness (or Red Hardness).
  • Manganese – Increases surface hardness. Improves resistance to strain, hammering & shocks.
  • Molybdenum – Increases strength. Improves resistance to shock and heat.
  • Nickel – Increases strength & toughness. Improves corrosion resistance.
  • Tungsten – Adds hardness and improves grain structure. Provides improved heat resistance.
  • Vanadium – Increases strength, toughness and shock resistance. Improved corrosion resistance.
  • Chromium-Vanadium – Greatly improved tensile strength. It is hard but easy to bend and cut.

Pipes, Tubes and Hollow Sections

Norms:

  • API 5L – Line Pipe
  • ASTM A 53 – Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless, Steel Pipe
  • ASTM A 106 – Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
  • ASTM A 213 – Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes
  • ASTM A 269 – Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
  • ASTM A 312 – Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes
  • ASTM A 333 – Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature Service
  • ASTM A 335 – Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
  • ASTM A 358 – Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service and General Applications
  • ASTM A 671 – Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures
  • ASTM A 672 – Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Service at Moderate Temperatures
  • ASTM A 790 – Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
  • ASTM A 928 – Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
  • EN 10208-2 – Steel pipes for pipelines for combustible fluids – Part 2: Pipes of requirement class B
  • EN 10210-1/2 – Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels
  • EN 10216-1 – Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes – Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties
  • EN 10216-2 – Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes – Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties
  • EN 10217-1 – Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes – Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties
  • EN 10217-2 – Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes – Part 2: Electric welded non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties
  • EN 10219-1/2 – Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels
  • EN 10297-1 – Seamless circular steel tubes for mechanical and general engineering purposes – Part 1 Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes

Grade:

  • API 5L Gr. A, B, X42, X52, X60, X65, X70
  • ASTM A 53 Gr. A, Gr. B
  • ASTM A106 Gr. A, B, C
  • ASTM A 213 TP 304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316H, 321, 321H, T5, T9, T11
  • ASTM A 269 TP 304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316H, 321, 321H
  • ASTM A 312 TP 304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316H, 321, 321H
  • ASTM A 333 Gr. 3, Gr. 6 ASTM A 335 P1, P2, P5, P9, P11, P12, P22, P91, P92
  • ASTM A 358 TP 304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316H, 321, 321H
  • ASTM A 671 CC 60, CC 65, CC 70
  • ASTM A 672 CC 60, CC 65, CC 70
  • ASTM 790 UNS S31803, UNS S32205, UNS S32750, UNS S32760
  • ASTM A928
  • EN 10208-2 L245, L 290, L360
  • EN 10210-1 S235 JRH, S275 JOH, S275 J2H, S355 JOH, S355 J2H
  • EN 10216-1 P235 TR1/2
  • EN 10216-2 P235 GH, P265 GH
  • EN 10217-1 P235 TR1/2, P275 TR1/2
  • EN 10217-2 P235 GH, P265 GH
  • EN 10219-1 S235 JRH, S275 JOH, S275 J2H, S355 JOH, S355 J2H
  • EN 10297-1 E235, E275, E315, E355, E470

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FAQ

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A: The delivery time of customized products is generally 25 35 days, and non customized products are generally shipped within 24 hours after payment.

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Q: What are your payment terms?
A: T/T 30% as the deposit,The balance payment is paid in full before shipment

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A: Non steaming wooden box and iron frame packaging. Special packaging is available according to customer needs. The transportation is mainly by sea.

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A: There is no minimum order quantity requirement. Customized products are tailor made according to the drawings provided by the customer.